New Menu Nutrition Labeling Laws

On March 23, 2010, section 4205 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was signed into law.  Section 4205 establishes new requirements for nutrition labeling of regular menu items in chain restaurants, similar retail food establishments, and chain vending machine operators.

This law was enacted as part of our fight against obesity.  According to the background information in a recently released FDA Guidance on the menu labeling, we Americans on average consume one-third of our total daily calories while eating out and in most cases, we are unaware of the amount of calories we consume while eating at restaurants.  By implementing this new menu labeling law, the FDA hopes to provide us consumers with access to nutritional information in restaurants and allow us to make more informed dietary decisions.

For chain retail food establishments (20 or more locations doing business under the same name and offering substantially the same menu items), the new law requires the following:

• Disclosure of the number of calories in each standard menu item on menus and on menu boards.  This includes both food and drink (including alcoholic beverages) routinely presented on the menu and/or menu boards of such restaurants.
• Make additional written nutrition information available to consumers upon request and provide a statement on menus and menu boards that such nutrition information is available upon request.  Should a customer request additional nutritional information, the restaurants must supply the total number of calories, calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrates, sugars, dietary fiber, and total protein.
• Provide calorie information for most self-service items and foods on display by posting a sign adjacent to each food item.  This covers such items as foods at a salad bar, buffet line, cafeteria line or other similar self-service facility.

In regards to chain vending machines, operators of such chains must post the calorie content of each article of food sold in the machine in a clear and conspicuous manner.  This only applies to articles that do not allow the consumer to view the nutrition facts before purchasing the item.

While this new law will certainly cover most of the foods at restaurants, it will not cover all of them.  Foods not covered by this new law include condiments and other items placed on the table for general use, daily specials, temporary menu items appearing for less than 60 days per year, custom orders, and food that is part of a market test appearing on the menu for less than 90 days.  Pre-packaged food that lists the nutrition facts and can be viewed before purchase also are not covered by this new law.

While the federal law only went into effect earlier this year, a number of cities and states have previously established menu labeling laws.  It will be interesting to see how this information is both received and utilized.  The idea, of course, is that we will avoid eating less healthy options when we learn just how many calories they provide.  In many cases, menu options contain more that half (sometimes more than all) of our daily energy requirements.  However, it will remain up to us as consumers to use this information and actually choose the healthier option.  This might also impact what restaurants offer to consumers.  The hope is that once restaurants have to disclose the number of calories in their food items, they will start offering healthier, lower-calorie options more regularly.  Whether this strategy will be effective or not remains to be seen, but it has the possibility to help us develop healthier eating habits.

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Are Restaurants Getting The Message?

Recent news stories released earlier this summer suggest that restaurants might actually be starting to provide healthier options for their patrons, which considering the present rate of obesity in the U.S. is excellent news.

According to one recent press release, 60% of consumers responding to a marketing survey want to eat food that tastes great while dining out and 23% are looking for healthier meals.  Apparently, restaurants are starting to make the necessary changes to accommodate their customer's wishes.  According to this marketing research, menu items labeled as healthy increased by 65% with some of that improvement due to an increase in dishes that contain fruits and vegetables and an increase in vegetarian options.  Whether these menu changes are resulting in diners eating healthier or vice-versa, the survey reports that about half of the individuals responding attempt to eat healthier at restaurants by choosing lower fat items, eating more fruits and vegetables, and consuming less calories.

Additional news from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health's Nutrition Coordinating Center indicates that fast food restaurants have been successfully lowering the trans fat in their food items.  By using their nutritional values database of thousands of food items, the researchers were able to analyze changes in trans fat levels in french fries made at 5 major fast food restaurants from 1997 - 2008.  According to this analysis, McDonald's, Burger King, and Wendy's all successfully reduced the amount of trans fat in their french fries without increasing the amount of saturated fat.  This is a significant step considering that trans fat has been shown to have a negative impact on heart health and health authorities recommend that trans fat consumption be held as low as possible.

Overall, these stories provide excellent news for those of us who enjoy the occasional dining-out experience, but still want to eat healthy.  While this is a great step in the right direction, improving the availability of healthy food choices is an ever-evolving challenge for restaurants.  As nutrition researchers learn more about the health effects of foods and food ingredients, dietary recommendations continue to get updated.  New recommendations due out later this year, particularly in regards to sodium intake, are likely to present additional challenges to restaurants as well as the rest of the food industry.

While restaurants continue to strive for healthier, yet still flavorful, menu items, there are actions we can all take towards healthy eating when dining out.  Below are some general tips that might help us all make healthier choices when eating out at any restaurant:

• Eat a piece of fruit before going to a restaurant in order to curb your hunger and decrease the chance of overeating.
• Share your meal with a friend... this will help reduce portion sizes.
• Order from the appetizer menu… the portions are usually smaller.
• Try to limit the amount of bread that you eat (1 piece is best).
• Look for items that are baked, broiled, braised, grilled or steamed… they are generally lower calorie choices.
• Watch out for foods high in fat and calories… terms like fried, crispy, creamed, cheese sauce, au gratin, and basted often describe higher calorie foods.
• When choosing the salad bar, skip the non-vegetable foods like meat, cheese, eggs, etc.
• Drink low calorie or calorie free options such as diet soda, water, or unsweetened tea.
• When your food arrives put half of your meal in a to go box.

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Our Neighborhood Effects Our Obesity Risk

Obesity is a very complex health condition that can be effected by many factors.  While obesity is still considered the result of too many calories consumed and to little exercise, many things influence our eating and exercise habits.  One such factor to which most of us give very little thought is our physical environment.  Yet studies are starting to show that the neighborhoods in which we live might effect our obesity risk.

In one new obesity research study, investigators examined volunteers' perceptions of their environment in relation to body mass and exercise levels.  The researchers also investigated the effect of a light rail transit system on body weight and physical activity.  Information on body mass, obesity, and physical activity was collected both before and after the completion of a new commuter light rail transit system.  The results of this study showed that:

• A positive feeling about one's neighborhood was linked with a lower body mass index, a 15% decreased risk for obesity, and a greater likelihood of getting regular exercise.
• Use of the light rail transit commuter system was associated with a reduction in body mass index and an 81% decreased risk of becoming obese.

A second obesity study examined the effect of a person's food environment (closeness of restaurants, grocers, convenience stores, etc.) on body mass.   The study investigators reported that a higher number of restaurants within a 5-minute walk of one's house was associated with a higher body mass index.  Also, living close to supermarkets and grocery stores was linked to a lower body mass index when compared to living near a convenience store.

The results of these two new studies clearly suggest that our neighborhood environment can have a real impact on our body weight and risk for becoming obese.  Environments that encourage physical activity (e.g. walking to commuter systems, well lit, etc.) and provide availability of healthy food options appear to decrease obesity risk.  Improving neighborhood environments might be an important public policy approach to providing better health and well-being.

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Managing Weight While Eating At Restaurants

We all enjoy dining at our favorite restaurant from time to time; however, as a population, we eat out more frequently now than in the past.  While this might not necessarily be a bad thing to do, research has shown that eating in restaurants contributes to excess calorie consumption due to eating larger portions of foods loaded with calories.

A new research study examined the habits of men and women in regards to their weight management strategies while eating out and the things that kept them from eating healthy at restaurants.  While this new paper is free to download or read online, I wanted to briefly outline some of the researchers findings.

Common Weight Management Strategies Used:

• Avoiding sugar-rich beverages
• Choosing steamed vegetables
• Stopping eating when full
• Eating foods made with whole grains

Weight Management Strategies Rarely Used:

• Asking to have the chip or bread basket removed from the table
• Eating a low-calorie snack before going out to eat
• Asking the chef to prepare the meal in a low-fat/low-calorie manner

Personal Barriers to Good Weight Management Strategies:

• Being over-hungry due to busy lifestyles
• Good tasting food available at the restaurant
• Desire to not waste food

Differences Between Men & Women:

• Compared to men, women were more apt to share appetizers, eat an appetizer as their meal, choose a salad as their main course, order salad dressing on the side, take half the meal home, and share a meal with a dining partner.
• Men found it less difficult to have the bread/chip basket removed from the table compared to women.

Dining at restaurants, no matter the type, has become much more frequent due to the busy lifestyles many of us pursue.  In fact, the researchers indicated that their study volunteers ate out an average of 3.5 times per week.  With many of the food choices at restaurants being high in calories and large in portion size, it can be difficult to manage one's body weight.  Developing appropriate strategies for dining out is important if you are looking to maintain a healthy body weight.  This new paper provides a list of 30 potential strategies including such things as avoiding high-fat appetizers, trimming fat and/or skin from meats, avoiding deep-fried foods, and eating fresh fruit for dessert.  So, if you find yourself eating out frequently, make sure to find ways to watch what you eat that works best for you.

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